Humanities Sciences - British and French Constitution
Saturday, 14 February 2009
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The slOka( declared in brahmAnda purAnam and varAha purAnam ) written in Telugu language that you see in the header of this page transliterated to English is:
which means...
"In this Universe there is no sacred place equivalent to Venkatadri(i.e.,There is no place in the whole Universe which is more auspicious than the hill Venkatachala). There is no God equivalent to Lord Venkateswara neither in the past nor in the future going to be(i.e.,There is no Archa murti (worshippable form) in all the three times (present,past and future) whose glories are comparable to the Lord of Venkatachala)"
BRITISH PARLIAMENT:
A) There are three elements to Parliament: the Crown, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. These three components are separate from each other; no individual may be a part of more than one component. Members of the House of Lords are legally barred from voting in elections for members of the House of Commons; the Sovereign by convention does not vote, although there is no statutory impediment.
CROWN:
A) As an institution the Crown is still powerful, as Royal Assent is still required for all Bills to become law, through prerogative powers. The prerogative powers include among others the abilities to dissolve and summon Parliament, make treaties, declare war, and award honours. (write the four points)
In practice these are always exercised by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister and the other ministers of the government. The monarch also chooses the Prime Minister. This is usually a straightforward decision, though occasionally the monarch has to make a judgment.UPPER HOUSE:
A1) The whole House is formally styled The Right Honourable The Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled
The Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are considered separate "estates," but they sit, debate and vote together.
A2) These always include the incumbents of the "five great sees", namely the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Durham and the Bishop of Winchester. The remaining 21 Lords Spiritual are the most senior diocesan bishops, ranked in order of consecration.
HOUSE OF COMMONS:
A) Each "Member of Parliament" or "MP" is chosen by a single constituency according to the First-Past-the-Post electoral system.
B) Government ministers (including the Prime Minister) must regularly answer questions in the House of Commons and there are a number of select committees that scrutinise particular issues and the workings of the government.
CABINET:
A) Cabinet is a formal body composed of the most senior government ministers (consultative group) chosen by the Prime Minister. (PM must be someone who can command a majority in the House of Commons). Most members are heads of government departments with the title "Secretary of State". Formal members of the Cabinet are drawn exclusively from the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
B) The monarch uses royal prerogative powers to appoint and dismiss members of Cabinet. The monarch exercises these powers in accordance with the Prime Minister's advice.
C) Individual ministerial responsibility is the convention that in their capacity as head of department, a minister is responsible for the actions, and therefore the failings too, of their department.
D) Cabinet collective responsibility means that members of the cabinet make decisions collectively, and are therefore responsible for the consequences of these decisions collectively. Therefore, when a vote of no confidence is passed in Parliament, every minister and government official drawn from Parliament is expected to resign from the executive. So, logically, cabinet ministers who disagree with major decisions are expected to resign, as, to take a recent example, Robin Cook did over the decision to attack Iraq in 2003.
JUDICIARY:
A) The United Kingdom does not have a single, unified judicial system, but separate judicial systems serving England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
FRENCH GOVERNMENT:
A) The government of France is a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the fifth Republic, in which the nation declares itself to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic". The constitution provides for a separation of powers
FIRST REPUBLIC
B) The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic was proclaimed in 1792, during the French Revolution. On that day Louis XVI was formally deposed, ending the French monarchy. This presaged a new era of republican government in Europe.
The Republic officially lasted until the establishment of the First French Empire in 1804. Its leaders included Napoleon Bonaparte, who served as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, when he ended the republic by declaring himself Emperor Napoleon I.
SECOND REPUBLIC
The French Second Republic was the republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire. It officially adopted the motto Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité. The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and Democratic Republic" and a liberal form of Republic, which exploded during the June Days Uprising of 1848.
THIRD REPUBLIC
The French Third Republic (1870-10 July 1940) was the political regime of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. It was a republican parliamentary democracy that was created following the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War. It survived until the invasion of France by the German Third Reich in 1940
FOURTH REPUBLIC
The Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic, which was in place before World War II, and suffered many of the same problems.Some attempts were made to strengthen the executive branch of government, to prevent the unstable situation that had existed before the war, but the instability remained and the Fourth Republic saw frequent changes in government.
FIFTH REPUBLIC
The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced in 1958. The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, replacing a parliamentary government with a semi-presidential system.
PRESIDENT:
A) Given France's runoff voting system,this means that the presidential candidate is required to obtain a nationwide majority of non-blank votes at either the first or second round of balloting, which presumably implies that the president is somewhat supported by at least half of the voting population; this gives him considerable legitimacy.
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT:
A) The Constitution also sets out methods for its own amendment either by referendum or through a Parliamentary process with Presidential consent. The normal procedure of constitutional amendment is as follows: the amendment must be adopted in identical terms by both houses of Parliament, then must be either adopted by a simple majority in a referendum, or by 3/5 of a joint session of both houses of Parliament (the French Congress)
---------------------------------------------------
A) There are three elements to Parliament: the Crown, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. These three components are separate from each other; no individual may be a part of more than one component. Members of the House of Lords are legally barred from voting in elections for members of the House of Commons; the Sovereign by convention does not vote, although there is no statutory impediment.
CROWN:
A) As an institution the Crown is still powerful, as Royal Assent is still required for all Bills to become law, through prerogative powers. The prerogative powers include among others the abilities to dissolve and summon Parliament, make treaties, declare war, and award honours. (write the four points)
In practice these are always exercised by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister and the other ministers of the government. The monarch also chooses the Prime Minister. This is usually a straightforward decision, though occasionally the monarch has to make a judgment.UPPER HOUSE:
A1) The whole House is formally styled The Right Honourable The Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled
The Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are considered separate "estates," but they sit, debate and vote together.
A2) These always include the incumbents of the "five great sees", namely the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Durham and the Bishop of Winchester. The remaining 21 Lords Spiritual are the most senior diocesan bishops, ranked in order of consecration.
HOUSE OF COMMONS:
A) Each "Member of Parliament" or "MP" is chosen by a single constituency according to the First-Past-the-Post electoral system.
B) Government ministers (including the Prime Minister) must regularly answer questions in the House of Commons and there are a number of select committees that scrutinise particular issues and the workings of the government.
CABINET:
A) Cabinet is a formal body composed of the most senior government ministers (consultative group) chosen by the Prime Minister. (PM must be someone who can command a majority in the House of Commons). Most members are heads of government departments with the title "Secretary of State". Formal members of the Cabinet are drawn exclusively from the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
B) The monarch uses royal prerogative powers to appoint and dismiss members of Cabinet. The monarch exercises these powers in accordance with the Prime Minister's advice.
C) Individual ministerial responsibility is the convention that in their capacity as head of department, a minister is responsible for the actions, and therefore the failings too, of their department.
D) Cabinet collective responsibility means that members of the cabinet make decisions collectively, and are therefore responsible for the consequences of these decisions collectively. Therefore, when a vote of no confidence is passed in Parliament, every minister and government official drawn from Parliament is expected to resign from the executive. So, logically, cabinet ministers who disagree with major decisions are expected to resign, as, to take a recent example, Robin Cook did over the decision to attack Iraq in 2003.
JUDICIARY:
A) The United Kingdom does not have a single, unified judicial system, but separate judicial systems serving England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
FRENCH GOVERNMENT:
A) The government of France is a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the fifth Republic, in which the nation declares itself to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic". The constitution provides for a separation of powers
FIRST REPUBLIC
B) The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic was proclaimed in 1792, during the French Revolution. On that day Louis XVI was formally deposed, ending the French monarchy. This presaged a new era of republican government in Europe.
The Republic officially lasted until the establishment of the First French Empire in 1804. Its leaders included Napoleon Bonaparte, who served as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, when he ended the republic by declaring himself Emperor Napoleon I.
SECOND REPUBLIC
The French Second Republic was the republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire. It officially adopted the motto Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité. The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and Democratic Republic" and a liberal form of Republic, which exploded during the June Days Uprising of 1848.
THIRD REPUBLIC
The French Third Republic (1870-10 July 1940) was the political regime of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. It was a republican parliamentary democracy that was created following the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War. It survived until the invasion of France by the German Third Reich in 1940
FOURTH REPUBLIC
The Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic, which was in place before World War II, and suffered many of the same problems.Some attempts were made to strengthen the executive branch of government, to prevent the unstable situation that had existed before the war, but the instability remained and the Fourth Republic saw frequent changes in government.
FIFTH REPUBLIC
The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced in 1958. The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, replacing a parliamentary government with a semi-presidential system.
PRESIDENT:
A) Given France's runoff voting system,this means that the presidential candidate is required to obtain a nationwide majority of non-blank votes at either the first or second round of balloting, which presumably implies that the president is somewhat supported by at least half of the voting population; this gives him considerable legitimacy.
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT:
A) The Constitution also sets out methods for its own amendment either by referendum or through a Parliamentary process with Presidential consent. The normal procedure of constitutional amendment is as follows: the amendment must be adopted in identical terms by both houses of Parliament, then must be either adopted by a simple majority in a referendum, or by 3/5 of a joint session of both houses of Parliament (the French Congress)
UTSAVA MURTHY OF LORD SRI MALAYAPPA(VENKATESWARA) WITH SRIDEVI AND BHUDEVI
(Click on the image to view full size)
(Click on the image to view full size)
"vEnkatAdri samam sthAnam brahmAndE nAsti kinchana,
vEnkatEsa samO dEvO na bhUtO na bhavishyati"
vEnkatEsa samO dEvO na bhUtO na bhavishyati"
which means...
"In this Universe there is no sacred place equivalent to Venkatadri(i.e.,There is no place in the whole Universe which is more auspicious than the hill Venkatachala). There is no God equivalent to Lord Venkateswara neither in the past nor in the future going to be(i.e.,There is no Archa murti (worshippable form) in all the three times (present,past and future) whose glories are comparable to the Lord of Venkatachala)"
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